Open Hatch

Only a few months ago, researchers at Yale unveiled the first Electronic Quantum Processor.

It operates on two qubits, which exist in multiple states simultaneously (that’s the quantum mechanical aspect). When they add more qubits, they’ll be able to calculate multiples of multiple states in one processor cycle.

Excerpt:

Because of the counterintuitive laws of quantum mechanics, however, scientists can effectively place qubits in a “superposition” of multiple states at the same time, allowing for greater information storage and processing power.

For example, imagine having four phone numbers, including one for a friend, but not knowing which number belonged to that friend. You would typically have to try two to three numbers before you dialed the right one. A quantum processor, on the other hand, can find the right number in only one try.

“Instead of having to place a phone call to one number, then another number, you use quantum mechanics to speed up the process,” Schoelkopf said. “It’s like being able to place one phone call that simultaneously tests all four numbers, but only goes through to the right one.”

What is the potential? Here’s a way to spell it out mathematically, going off Wikipedia’s article on the topic:

A classical computer has a memory made up of bits, where each bit represents either a one or a zero. A quantum computer maintains a sequence of qubits. A single qubit can represent a one, a zero, or, crucially, any quantum superposition of these; moreover, a pair of qubits can be in any quantum superposition of 4 states, and three qubits in any superposition of 8. In general a quantum computer with n qubits can be in an arbitrary superposition of up to 2n different states simultaneously (this compares to a normal computer that can only be in one of these 2n states at any one time).

Where that describes a pair of qubits (two) in a superposition of 4 states, this means the qubits are in 4 different states at the same time. Following this, a trio of qubits (three) are in a superposition of 8, so that it follows the order of exponents or powers, which proceed like this:

• 2 qubits = 2 to the second power (2^2) = superposition of 4 simultaneous states
• 3 qubits = 2 to the third power (2^3) = superposition of 8
• 4 qubits = 2 to the fourth power (2^4) = superposition of 16
• 5 qubits = 2 to the fifth power (2^5) = superposition of 32..

With each additional qubit, the simultaneous states (or superpositions) doubles, so that:

• 8 qubits = 2 to the eighth power (2^8) = superposition of 256..
• 16 qubits = 2 to the sixteenth power (2^16) = superposition of 65,536..
• 32 qubits = 2 to the thirty-second (2^32) = superposition of 4,294,967,296..
• 64 qubits = 2 to the sixty-fourth (2^642) = superposition of 18,446,744,073,709,551,616..

What is that last extremely large number leading with an 18? That’s eighteen quintillion – going from thousands, to millions, to billions, to trillions, to quadrillions, to quintillions. More precisely, almost 18-and-a-half quintillion.

What does this all mean? Current computers operate in Gigahertz, meaning a billion calculations in one second; a computer processor with a speed of 3 Gigahertz runs around 3 billion calculations in one second.

(This is staggering, just by itself.)

When they create a sixty-four qubit quantum computer, it will be capable of running a calculation requiring around 18 and a half quintillion guesses in a few clock cycles (only a few millionths of a second).

Carl Sagan, eat your heart out.

Don’t get too excited yet. They haven’t figured out how to even build a computer around this yet. It’s only a processor.

But it’s a quantum processor. A two-bit quantum-processor, with quantum logic gates and a quantum bus.

With this kind of power, you’ll be able to find the 39-digit number which, when you run it through an image processing algorithm, will by algorithmic decompression happen to exactly match a digital image which without compression takes 1 gigabyte to store, but once you find the one out of 5 duodecillion 39-digit “fingerprint” numbers that match the image, you’ll be able to losslessly “compress” the image to only several hundred bytes. I don’t necessarily know what I’m really talking about here, but it will be something like that.

You live in a Star Trek universe.

One day, possibly in your future, this will look something like this article.